The Simpsons: Who Shot Mr. Burns?

Who Shot Mr. Burns? is the only two-part episode of the American adult animated sitcom The Simpsons to date. The first part is the season six finale that aired on the FOX Network on May 21, 1995; while the second part is the season premiere of the seventh season and originally aired on September 17, 1995. The plot follows Springfield Elementary School who strikes oil, but Mr. Burns steals it and at the same time brings misery to many of Springfield's citizens. In a cliff-hanger ending for part one, Mr. Burns gets shot by an unidentified assailant. In part two, Springfield's police try to find the culprit, with their main suspects being Waylon Smithers and Homer Simpson.

Both of the episodes were written by Bill Oakley and John Weinstein; Part one was directed by Jeffrey Lynch and Part Two by Wes Archer. Musician Tito Puente guest stars as himself in both parts. The idea for the episodes came from Simpsons creator Matt Groening. He stated he came up with the episode after the controversy surrounding the character J.R. Ewing, who was shot on the soap opera Dallas in the episode titled "A House Divided", known by most as "Who shot J.R.?". The first part contains clues of who the shooter is because the writers wanted it to be solvable. In the months following the airing of Part One, there was much widespread debate among fans of the series as to who actually shot Mr. Burns.

Both of the episodes received positive reviews from television critics, but some critics criticized taking the publicity of the episode too far. Part one finished 51st with a Nielsen rating of 8.7, the fifth highest rated Fox show of the week and Part two averaged 12.3 million households and a 12.9 Nielsen rating. It finished sixteenth in the United States in the ratings for the week of September 11–17, 1995, finishing first in its time slot and was the highest rated show on the Fox network that week.

Part One
Principal Skinner walks into school and discovers that class gerbil 'Superdude' has died. Groundskeeper Willie digs a grave, but strikes oil, suddenly making Springfield Elementary rich. Skinner and Superintendent Chalmers lavishly think of ways to spend the money, taking many student requests, including Lisa's suggestion of hiring Tito Puente as a music teacher. At the Springfield Nuclear Power Plant, Homer is disturbed that Mr. Burns cannot remember his name, even after working for him for ten years, while remembering the names of Lenny and Carl. Marge suggests sending Burns a box of chocolates with their family picture underneath but Burns only writes the "thank you" card to Marge, Bart, Lisa and Maggie as Homer´s face was covered by a sour chocolate that Mr. Burns would not taste.

Meanwhile, Burns finds out about the school's oil and immediately decides that he must have it, even as Smithers voices his disapproval. After failing to convince Skinner to give him the oil, Burns establishes a slant drilling operation to take it, and the Springfield Elementary oil pump fails as Burns had tapped into the oil first. As the school technically only owns the land on the surface, they are unable to pursue legal action and Willie and Puente are laid off to cover the school's losses. Mr. Burns' drilling operation causes further harm and distress to many Springfield citizens: Moe's Tavern is closed due to the harmful fumes from the drilling, leaving Moe and Barney enraged; the drilling wrecks the Springfield Retirement Castle, leaving Grampa homeless, forcing him to move in with the Simpsons; and Bart's treehouse is destroyed by a burst of oil from the rig, which also injures Santa's Little Helper.

Burns then reveals to Smithers his grandest scheme: the construction of a giant, movable disk that will permanently block out the sun in Springfield, forcing the residents to continuously use the electricity from his power plant. A horrified Smithers finally stands up to Burns, insisting that he has gone too far, but Burns just fires him in response. Later, Homer sneaks into Burns' office and spray paints his name on the wall. Burns catches him in the act, but still does not recognize him, and in a rage Homer attacks him. Homer is hauled away by security. All the citizens affected due to Burns' mad schemes, including Homer and even Smithers, swear revenge on him.

A town meeting is held to discuss Burns' actions. Burns arrives, armed with a gun after his encounter with Homer. Despite the whole town standing up to him, he activates the sun-blocking device, thinking himself invincible. He walks into an alley, obscured from view, and says: "Oh it's you, what are you so happy about? I see. I think you'd better drop it." He struggles with someone before a gunshot rings out. He stumbles out into the open, wounded, and collapses on the town's sundial. The townspeople find his body and Marge tells all of them that since Burns has angered so many people recently, any one of them could have been the shooter.

Part Two
Mr. Burns is now in a coma, and the Springfield police are working to find the assailant. Since their only witnesses are Maggie and Santa's Little Helper, their primary suspect is Smithers, who vaguely remembers shooting someone the night before in a drunken rage. Guilt-ridden, Smithers heads for a local church, and is promptly arrested when the confessional turns out to be a police trap. While being interviewed by the media, Smithers makes a witty remark which Sideshow Mel realizes is from an episode of Pardon My Zinger that aired at the time of the shooting and that Smithers must have watched, giving him an alibi. It turns out that Smithers had actually shot Jasper's wooden leg; following this, Smithers is released from jail.

With one of the prime suspects cleared, the police, aided by Lisa, eliminate other suspects, including Tito Puente (whose revenge took the form of a "slanderous mambo"), Principal Skinner (who was busy applying his camouflage make-up—which turned out to be his mother's—at the time of the shooting), Groundskeeper Willie (who cannot fire a pistol due to crippling arthritis in his index fingers), and Moe (who is cleared and humiliated via polygraph test). After a surreal dream about Lisa, Wiggum finds an eyelash on Burns' suit which matches Simpson DNA. At the same time, Burns wakes up from his coma and cries, "Homer Simpson!" The police raid the Simpson home and find a gun under the seat of their car, covered with Homer's fingerprints and loaded with bullets that match the one fired into Mr. Burns. Homer is arrested for attempted murder, but escapes from the paddywagon when it overturns while the police are trying to collect a Drive-Thru meal. Smithers offers a reward for his capture.

At the hospital it is revealed that "Homer Simpson" is the only thing that Burns can say, suggesting that his 'accusation' was really just brain damage. Hoping to clear Homer's name, Lisa returns to the scene of the crime to investigate and finally figures out the identity of Burns' true assailant. At the same time, Homer arrives at the hospital to silence Burns' accusations, despite being somewhat impressed that Burns finally remembered his name. A police bulletin reports Homer's location, and Lisa, the police, and citizens of Springfield all race to the hospital. Upon entering Burns' room, everyone finds an enraged Homer shaking him vigorously and demanding he take back his accusation. The shaking returns Burns's ability to speak normally, and he demands to know who is shaking him, still not remembering who Homer is. Homer angrily wields a gun at Burns' face, demanding that Burns recant his accusations. Burns then explains that Homer could not have shot him, and reveals the true assailant: Maggie Simpson.

Burns reveals that, after leaving the town meeting, he came across Maggie with a lollipop in the Simpsons' car. Burns decided to try stealing candy from a baby, but Maggie would not let go of it, resulting in a struggle for the lollipop. As he finally yanked it away, his gun slipped from its holster into Maggie's hands and fired, wounding him. The gun and lollipop both then fell beneath the car seat; Homer would later unknowingly leave fingerprints on the gun while feeling around under the seat for an ice cream cone he accidentally dropped. Lisa can then guess that with his last strength, Burns must have pointed at the "S" and "W" on the sundial (with the "W" appearing as an "M" from his perspective), to identify his assailant; Burns corrects that he was actually swallowing his golden dentures to protect them from being pilfered by the paramedics. The "S" and "M" were purely coincidental.

Burns demands that Maggie be arrested for the crime, but he is dismissed by Chief Wiggum, who says that no jury can convict a baby for a crime, except "maybe Texas". Marge also adds that the shooting must have been an accident, considering the fact that Maggie does not know how to operate a gun. The final shot is of Maggie's shifting eyes as she sucks her pacifier in a way that sounds like gunshots, suggesting that she shot him intentionally.

Production
The idea for the episodes came from Simpsons creator Matt Groening, who wanted to make a episode in which Mr. Burns was shot, which could be used as a publicity stunt. The writers decided to write the episode in two parts with a mystery that could be used in a contest. It was important for them to design a mystery that had clues, took advantage of freeze frame technology, and was structured around one character who seemed the obvious culprit. While deciding who the culprit was, Oakley and Weinstein pitched Barney Gumble because he was a character that could go to jail and it could change the dynamic of the show. Mirkin suggested Maggie because he felt it was funnier and wanted the culprit to be a Simpsons family member. Oakley and Weinstein were initially unsure about having Maggie as the culprit, and it was decided that the episode would end with Maggie shifting her eyes and making it look like it was not a complete accident.

During production, David Silverman was the only animator who knew who the culprit was. Wes Archer, director of the episode, was initially unaware of the solution and directed the episode up until the conclusion. When it was time to animate the ending of the show, Silverman and Archer waited until the end of the summer of 1995 to work on it. They realized they needed help with the layouts and started giving various animators small parts to work on without telling them who the culprit was. The table read for the episode also ended before the third act. The writers had wanted the clues that were animated to be just right, so there were many animation retakes.

Hidden clues
A number of subtle clues, and a few red herrings, were planted in Part One for viewers who wanted to unravel the mystery.
 * Almost every clock is set at three or nine o'clock. The point of the clocks was to teach the viewer to view the sundial at the end upside down.
 * Mr. Burns looks from his balcony and talks about stealing candy from a baby.
 * When Mr. Burns collapses on the sundial, he points at W and S, although from his viewpoint, the W looks like an M.
 * Many of the suspects have the letters S and W or M in their initials and the intention was that several "obvious" suspects could be eliminated by the letters. Several characters already had names with those initials, but some were made up specifically for this episode.
 * Principal Skinner's full name is revealed to be "W. Seymour Skinner" on a diploma in his office.
 * Mr. Burns calls Santa's Little Helper the "Simpson Mutt".
 * Moe's liquor license reveals that his full name is Moe Szyslak.
 * Grampa's gun was a Smith & Wesson.
 * Just before entering Mr. Burns' office to spray paint his name, Homer stands in front of a street sign that says "ONLY IN", but his head blocks all of the letters except "NO", and a small arrow can be seen pointing at him.
 * A television in Moe's Tavern shows that "Pardon My Zinger" is broadcast on weekdays at 3 PM on Comedy Central. It is later revealed that Burns is shot at 3 PM. At the meeting, Smithers reveals that he never misses the show and afterward is seen heading in the opposite direction that Burns heads.
 * During the scene at the town hall, several citizens are seen stroking guns: Skinner has a silenced handgun, Moe has a shotgun, Barney has a derringer, and Smithers has a standard handgun.
 * As Mr. Burns collapses on the sundial, it is seen that the gun he was previously carrying has gone missing. This was inserted as an intentional freeze frame clue.

Reaction
In the months following the airing of Part One, there was much widespread debate among fans of the series as to who actually shot Mr. Burns

Contest
Fox offered a contest to tie in with the mystery where callers who dialed 1-800-COLLECT were eligible and they then guessed who the culprit was. It ran from August 13 to September 10 and was one of the first contests to tie together elements of television and the Internet. Fox launched a new website, www.Springfield.com, devoted to the mystery which got over 500,000 hits during the summer of 1995. The winner would be animated on an episode of the show. No one, however, was ever animated on the show. This was because no one officially guessed the right answer. Due to contest regulations, a winner had to be selected out of a random sample of entries. The sample did not contain any correct answers, so the winner who was chosen did not have the right answer and was paid a cash prize in lieu of being animated.

The contest is referenced at the end of the episode when Dr. Hibbert says, "Well I couldn't possibly solve this mystery... Can you?"

Springfield's Most Wanted
Springfield's Most Wanted was a TV special hosted by John Walsh, host of America's Most Wanted. The special aired on September 17, 1995, at 7:30 P.M. ET before Part Two of Who Shot Mr. Burns?. A parody of Walsh's television series, this special was designed to help people find out who shot Mr. Burns, by laying out the potential clues and identifying the possible suspects. It features opinions from former Los Angeles police chief Daryl Gates and predictions from Dennis Franz, Courtney Thorne-Smith, Kevin Nealon, Chris Elliott, and Andrew Shue. It was directed by Bill Brown and written by Jack Parmeter and Bob Bain.

Cultural references
The title and concept for these two episodes were taken from the series Dallas. In the "Who shot J. R.?" plot line, J. R. Ewing is shot in the season finale. The identity of the assailant was not revealed until the following season, leaving viewers to wonder for months which of Ewing's many enemies were the culprit.

When Mr. Burns refers to his package at the beginning of the episode, he states that it "absolutely, positively" has to arrive in Pasadena, California, the following day, a reference to an early FedEx slogan. The song Mr. Burns sings to a lamp-post echo the lyrics of Simon & Garfunkel's song "The 59th Street Bridge Song (Feelin' Groovy)". The musical score that ends the first episode (when the credits roll) is a parody of John Williams' Drummers' Salute, which is part of the musical score he composed for Oliver Stone's film JFK.[6] During the scene in Part One where Moe's bar is closed, an episode of Mystery Science Theater 3000 is playing on the television in the background following a promotion for the fictional program Pardon My Zinger at 3:00pm.

Chief Wiggum's dream is a detailed reference to Dale Cooper's interaction with the Man from Another Place in the series Twin Peaks. The moving shadow in the middle of the curtain is also right out of Twin Peaks.

The opening of Part Two, wherein Smithers realizes that he merely dreamed about shooting Mr. Burns, is a reference to the episode "Blast from the Past" from Dallas, in which the events of the entire eighth season were explained away as being merely a character's dream. The dream itself, in which Smithers and Burns are undercover detectives on the 1960s Speedway racing circuit, parodied The Mod Squad. Groundskeeper Willie's interrogation, and particularly his crossing and uncrossing his legs, is a parody of Sharon Stone's famous interrogation scene in Basic Instinct. The nightclub is called 'Chez Guevara', a reference to Communist revolutionary Che Guevara.

Homer's escape from the overturned paddy wagon is a homage to the 1993 film The Fugitive. Chief Wiggum's dream in which Lisa speaks backwards is reference to Twin Peaks and Special Agent Dale Cooper's interaction with the Man from Another Place. While recording Lisa's lines for the segment, Yeardley Smith recorded the part backwards and it was reversed, which is the same way it was done on Twin Peaks. Several other parts out of the segment are direct references to the dream, including a moving shadow on the curtain, and Wiggum's hair standing straight up after waking.

Reception
Both of the episodes received positive reviews from television critics, but some critics criticized taking the publicity of the episode too far. Part one finished 51st with a Nielsen rating of 8.7, the fifth highest rated Fox show of the week and Part two averaged 12.3 million households and a 12.9 Nielsen rating. It finished sixteenth in the United States in the ratings for the week of September 11–17, 1995, finishing first in its time slot and was the highest rated show on the Fox network that week.

In 2003, Entertainment Weekly published a Top 25 Simpsons episode list and placed both parts of "Who Shot Mr. Burns?" in 25th place, saying "a two-part comedic homage to Dallas' Who shot J.R.? stunt, [Who Shot Mr. Burns] is perhaps The Simpsons' most grandiose pop moment ever". The Daily Telegraph characterized the episode as one of "The 10 Best Simpsons TV Episodes." The authors of the book I Can't Believe It's a Bigger and Better Updated Unofficial Simpsons Guide, Warren Martyn and Adrian Wood, called it "A superb end to the season—and what's more, it's a genuine whodunnit. There's no cheating—all the clues are there."

Jake Rossen of Wizard called the ending the sixth greatest cliffhanger of all time but expressed disappointment in the resolution, saying, "Sometimes it’s better to make up your own ending, kids." In 2008, Entertainment Weekly included Part One in their list of the best television season finales of all time. The song "Señor Burns", which was composed by Alf Clausen and written by Bill Oakley & Josh Weinstein was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award in 1996 for "Outstanding Individual Achievement in Music and Lyrics". Tito Puente ranked 19th on AOL's list of their favorite 25 Simpsons guest stars.